ZDDC/zddc/internal/policy/policy.go

// Package policy is the access-decision boundary for zddc-server.
//
// All ACL checks in handlers go through Decider.Allow rather than
// calling zddc.AllowedWithChain directly. This lets a deployment
// route policy decisions to an external OPA-compatible server
// (for federal customers running their own audited Rego policies)
// without changing handler code.
//
// Two implementations:
//
//   - InternalDecider — wraps zddc.AllowedWithChain. The default;
//     no new dependencies, identical semantics to the legacy code
//     path. This is what the docs in zddc/README.md describe.
//
//   - HTTPDecider — POSTs to OPA's canonical /v1/data/<package>/allow
//     endpoint over HTTP or a Unix-domain socket. Federal customers
//     deploy real OPA alongside zddc-server, write their own Rego,
//     and point ZDDC_OPA_URL at it.
//
// Configuration knob:
//
//	ZDDC_OPA_URL=                           # internal (default)
//	ZDDC_OPA_URL=internal                   # internal (explicit)
//	ZDDC_OPA_URL=http://127.0.0.1:8181      # external HTTP
//	ZDDC_OPA_URL=https://opa.example:8181   # external HTTPS
//	ZDDC_OPA_URL=unix:///run/opa/opa.sock   # external Unix socket
//
// Failure mode (external only): unreachable / non-2xx / malformed
// response → fail closed (deny), with a WARN log. Operators who
// prefer availability over correctness can set ZDDC_OPA_FAIL_OPEN=1
// to flip to fail-open with a WARN log instead.
package policy

import (
	"bytes"
	"context"
	"crypto/sha256"
	"encoding/hex"
	"encoding/json"
	"errors"
	"fmt"
	"io"
	"log/slog"
	"net"
	"net/http"
	"net/url"
	"strings"
	"sync"
	"time"

	"codeberg.org/VARASYS/ZDDC/zddc/internal/zddc"
)

// AllowInput is the canonical input shape for Decider.Allow. It
// matches OPA's input convention: a JSON object passed as the
// "input" field of a /v1/data/<package>/allow query.
//
// External Rego policies can:
//   - read input.user.email (string)
//   - read input.path (string)
//   - read input.action ("read" | "write"); empty/absent ≡ "read"
//   - walk input.policy_chain.levels[].acl.{allow,deny} for
//     custom cascade semantics, or read the pre-resolved
//     input.policy_chain.has_any_file when implementing the
//     same default-deny rule we use internally.
//
// Action distinguishes read (GET/HEAD on listings, files, app HTML)
// from write (PUT, DELETE, POST/move on the file API). The internal
// decider treats both identically — any allow grants full CRUD,
// matching the model in place before the file API existed (anyone
// with read access also had OS-level write via the mounted share).
// External Rego policies can split the two by inspecting input.action.
type AllowInput struct {
	User struct {
		Email string `json:"email"`
	} `json:"user"`
	Path        string             `json:"path"`
	Action      string             `json:"action,omitempty"`
	PolicyChain *SerializableChain `json:"policy_chain,omitempty"`
}

// Action constants used in AllowInput.Action. Empty string is also
// accepted for back-compat with callers that don't specify a verb.
const (
	ActionRead   = "read"   // listing + reading file bytes
	ActionWrite  = "write"  // overwriting an existing file (legacy alias for the historical write-vs-read split)
	ActionCreate = "create" // creating a new file or directory
	ActionDelete = "delete" // deleting a file
	ActionAdmin  = "admin"  // modifying ACL / .zddc / role definitions
)

// actionVerb maps an Action string to the zddc.VerbSet bit it requires.
// Returns the read verb for unrecognized values so the internal
// decider stays restrictive on unknown action labels.
func actionVerb(action string) zddc.VerbSet {
	switch action {
	case ActionWrite:
		return zddc.VerbW
	case ActionCreate:
		return zddc.VerbC
	case ActionDelete:
		return zddc.VerbD
	case ActionAdmin:
		return zddc.VerbA
	default:
		return zddc.VerbR
	}
}

// SerializableChain is a JSON-friendly view of zddc.PolicyChain.
// We don't tag zddc.PolicyChain itself because it's tightly coupled
// to the parser; the duplication is one struct.
type SerializableChain struct {
	Levels      []zddc.ZddcFile `json:"levels"`
	HasAnyFile  bool            `json:"has_any_file"`
}

func chainToSerializable(c zddc.PolicyChain) *SerializableChain {
	return &SerializableChain{Levels: c.Levels, HasAnyFile: c.HasAnyFile}
}

// Decider is the access-decision interface every handler uses.
type Decider interface {
	Allow(ctx context.Context, input AllowInput) (bool, error)
}

// Config selects and parameterizes the decider.
type Config struct {
	URL      string        // raw value: "", "internal", "http(s)://...", "unix:///path"
	FailOpen bool          // external mode only: on transport error, allow instead of deny
	CacheTTL time.Duration // external mode only: per-decision cache TTL. Zero = default 1s. Negative = no cache.

	// CascadeMode controls how the InternalDecider walks the ACL chain:
	// "delegated" (default — leaf grants override ancestor denies) or
	// "strict" (ancestor explicit-deny is absolute; NIST AC-6).
	// External deciders ignore this — Rego policies access the chain
	// directly and implement either semantic themselves.
	CascadeMode string
}

// New constructs a Decider per cfg.URL semantics.
//   - "" or "internal" → InternalDecider (no cache — the in-process
//     evaluator is already cheaper than a cache lookup would be)
//   - "http(s)://..."   → HTTPDecider wrapped in a small per-decision
//     cache (default 1s TTL — short enough that staleness is bounded
//     to the same window as fsnotify-debounced index refresh, long
//     enough to amortize bursty listings like .archive enumeration
//     into one OPA round-trip per (email, decision-input))
//   - "unix:///..."     → same as http(s), over a Unix socket
//
// Returns an error if URL is unrecognized.
func New(cfg Config) (Decider, error) {
	mode, _ := zddc.ParseCascadeMode(cfg.CascadeMode)
	if cfg.URL == "" || strings.EqualFold(cfg.URL, "internal") {
		return &InternalDecider{Mode: mode}, nil
	}
	var inner Decider
	var err error
	switch {
	case strings.HasPrefix(cfg.URL, "http://"), strings.HasPrefix(cfg.URL, "https://"):
		inner, err = newHTTPDecider(cfg.URL, cfg.FailOpen, nil)
	case strings.HasPrefix(cfg.URL, "unix://"):
		path := strings.TrimPrefix(cfg.URL, "unix://")
		dialer := &net.Dialer{Timeout: 2 * time.Second}
		transport := &http.Transport{
			DialContext: func(ctx context.Context, _, _ string) (net.Conn, error) {
				return dialer.DialContext(ctx, "unix", path)
			},
		}
		inner, err = newHTTPDecider("http://opa-unix-socket", cfg.FailOpen, transport)
	default:
		return nil, fmt.Errorf("unrecognized ZDDC_OPA_URL %q (want \"internal\", http(s)://..., or unix:///...)", cfg.URL)
	}
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	ttl := cfg.CacheTTL
	if ttl == 0 {
		ttl = time.Second
	}
	if ttl < 0 {
		// Negative TTL = caching disabled (test seam).
		return inner, nil
	}
	return &cachingDecider{inner: inner, ttl: ttl}, nil
}

// InternalDecider routes Allow through zddc.AllowedAction with the
// configured cascade mode and applies the Issued/Received WORM mask
// post-decision. No network, no Rego, no new dependencies.
//
// The decider does NOT consult the admins:/IsAdmin escape hatch —
// callers in the handler package wire IsAdmin / IsSubtreeAdmin around
// the decision. Admins bypass the WORM mask there as well.
type InternalDecider struct {
	Mode zddc.CascadeMode
}

func (d *InternalDecider) Allow(_ context.Context, input AllowInput) (bool, error) {
	chain := zddc.PolicyChain{}
	if input.PolicyChain != nil {
		chain.Levels = input.PolicyChain.Levels
		chain.HasAnyFile = input.PolicyChain.HasAnyFile
	}
	verb := actionVerb(input.Action)
	email := input.User.Email

	// WORM split: in Issued/Received, ancestor grants are read-only;
	// only an explicit .zddc placed at-or-below the WORM folder can
	// restore `c` (write-once) for principals it names. Admins are
	// excluded from this code path by callers (handler package does
	// the IsAdmin / IsSubtreeAdmin bypass before invoking Allow).
	//
	// EffectiveVerbsRange (rather than slicing chain.Levels) keeps the
	// FULL chain visible to role-membership lookups so an ancestor's
	// role definition still applies inside the sub-range walk.
	if zddc.IsWormPath(input.Path) {
		wormIdx := zddc.WormFolderLevelIndex(input.Path, len(chain.Levels))
		if wormIdx >= 0 {
			grantAbove := zddc.EffectiveVerbsRange(chain, 0, wormIdx, email, d.Mode) & zddc.VerbR
			grantBelow := zddc.EffectiveVerbsRange(chain, wormIdx, len(chain.Levels), email, d.Mode) & zddc.VerbsRC
			return (grantAbove | grantBelow).Has(verb), nil
		}
	}

	return zddc.AllowedAction(chain, email, verb, d.Mode), nil
}

// HTTPDecider POSTs to /v1/data/zddc/access/allow on the configured
// endpoint. Spec:
//   - request body  {"input": <AllowInput>}
//   - response body {"result": true|false}
//   - 5-second per-request timeout
//   - non-2xx, transport error, missing/malformed result → policy
//     decision is "deny" unless FailOpen=true
//
// The path "/v1/data/zddc/access/allow" is the OPA convention; the
// "zddc.access" Rego package on an external server would expose
// `allow` for this endpoint.
type HTTPDecider struct {
	endpoint string
	client   *http.Client
	failOpen bool
}

func newHTTPDecider(endpoint string, failOpen bool, transport http.RoundTripper) (*HTTPDecider, error) {
	if _, err := url.Parse(endpoint); err != nil {
		return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid OPA URL %q: %w", endpoint, err)
	}
	c := &http.Client{Timeout: 5 * time.Second}
	if transport != nil {
		c.Transport = transport
	}
	return &HTTPDecider{
		endpoint: strings.TrimRight(endpoint, "/") + "/v1/data/zddc/access/allow",
		client:   c,
		failOpen: failOpen,
	}, nil
}

type opaResponse struct {
	Result *bool `json:"result"`
}

func (d *HTTPDecider) Allow(ctx context.Context, input AllowInput) (bool, error) {
	body, err := json.Marshal(struct {
		Input AllowInput `json:"input"`
	}{Input: input})
	if err != nil {
		return d.failResult(fmt.Errorf("marshal input: %w", err))
	}
	req, err := http.NewRequestWithContext(ctx, http.MethodPost, d.endpoint, bytes.NewReader(body))
	if err != nil {
		return d.failResult(fmt.Errorf("build request: %w", err))
	}
	req.Header.Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
	req.Header.Set("Accept", "application/json")

	resp, err := d.client.Do(req)
	if err != nil {
		return d.failResult(fmt.Errorf("opa request: %w", err))
	}
	defer resp.Body.Close()

	if resp.StatusCode < 200 || resp.StatusCode >= 300 {
		// Read up to 512 bytes of the error body for the log without
		// blowing up on a verbose OPA error page.
		snippet, _ := io.ReadAll(io.LimitReader(resp.Body, 512))
		return d.failResult(fmt.Errorf("opa returned %d: %s", resp.StatusCode, strings.TrimSpace(string(snippet))))
	}
	var parsed opaResponse
	if err := json.NewDecoder(resp.Body).Decode(&parsed); err != nil {
		return d.failResult(fmt.Errorf("decode opa response: %w", err))
	}
	if parsed.Result == nil {
		return d.failResult(errors.New("opa response missing 'result' field"))
	}
	return *parsed.Result, nil
}

// failResult logs the failure and returns the configured fail-mode
// decision. Logged at WARN so a healthy run is silent but a sick OPA
// is loud.
func (d *HTTPDecider) failResult(err error) (bool, error) {
	if d.failOpen {
		slog.Warn("policy decision failed; failing open (allow)", "endpoint", d.endpoint, "err", err)
		return true, nil
	}
	slog.Warn("policy decision failed; failing closed (deny)", "endpoint", d.endpoint, "err", err)
	return false, nil
}

// AllowFromChain is a convenience for callers that already have a
// PolicyChain in hand. Equivalent to constructing AllowInput manually
// from (chain, email, path) and calling d.Allow. Implies "read".
//
// New callers should use AllowActionFromChain with an explicit verb so
// the audit/policy stream records intent and the internal decider can
// apply the right verb-specific check.
func AllowFromChain(ctx context.Context, d Decider, chain zddc.PolicyChain, email, path string) (bool, error) {
	return AllowActionFromChain(ctx, d, chain, email, path, ActionRead)
}

// AllowWriteFromChain is the legacy write-action helper. Newer callers
// should pick the specific verb (ActionCreate / ActionWrite /
// ActionDelete / ActionAdmin) via AllowActionFromChain instead.
func AllowWriteFromChain(ctx context.Context, d Decider, chain zddc.PolicyChain, email, path string) (bool, error) {
	return AllowActionFromChain(ctx, d, chain, email, path, ActionWrite)
}

// AllowActionFromChain is the canonical access-decision helper.
// External Rego policies can branch on input.action to differentiate
// among the five verbs (read / write / create / delete / admin). The
// internal decider maps each action to its zddc.VerbSet bit and walks
// the cascade in the configured mode (delegated / strict).
func AllowActionFromChain(ctx context.Context, d Decider, chain zddc.PolicyChain, email, path, action string) (bool, error) {
	in := AllowInput{Path: path, Action: action, PolicyChain: chainToSerializable(chain)}
	in.User.Email = email
	return d.Allow(ctx, in)
}

// cachingDecider wraps another Decider with a small per-decision cache.
// Designed for the external-OPA hot path: a single .archive listing or
// directory enumeration can hit the same (email, dir-policy) tuple
// dozens of times in milliseconds, and a remote OPA round-trip per
// query would dominate latency. The 1s default TTL bounds staleness to
// the same window as the fsnotify watcher's debounce, so a `.zddc` edit
// is reflected in the next listing rather than carried over indefinitely.
//
// Key shape: SHA-256 of the canonical JSON-serialized AllowInput. This
// makes the cache safe across all input variations (different paths,
// different chains, different users) without us having to enumerate
// the dimensions.
type cachingDecider struct {
	inner Decider
	ttl   time.Duration

	mu      sync.Mutex
	entries map[string]cacheEntry
}

type cacheEntry struct {
	expires time.Time
	allow   bool
}

func (d *cachingDecider) Allow(ctx context.Context, input AllowInput) (bool, error) {
	key, err := cacheKey(input)
	if err != nil {
		// Couldn't key — fall through to inner without caching. Should
		// never happen in practice; AllowInput marshals as plain JSON.
		return d.inner.Allow(ctx, input)
	}

	now := time.Now()
	d.mu.Lock()
	if d.entries == nil {
		d.entries = make(map[string]cacheEntry)
	}
	if e, ok := d.entries[key]; ok && now.Before(e.expires) {
		d.mu.Unlock()
		return e.allow, nil
	}
	d.mu.Unlock()

	allow, err := d.inner.Allow(ctx, input)
	if err != nil {
		return allow, err
	}

	d.mu.Lock()
	// Best-effort eviction of expired entries — keeps the map from
	// growing unbounded under high cardinality. O(n) but capped to
	// occasional sweeps; fine for this scale.
	if len(d.entries) > 4096 {
		for k, e := range d.entries {
			if now.After(e.expires) {
				delete(d.entries, k)
			}
		}
	}
	d.entries[key] = cacheEntry{expires: now.Add(d.ttl), allow: allow}
	d.mu.Unlock()
	return allow, nil
}

func cacheKey(input AllowInput) (string, error) {
	b, err := json.Marshal(input)
	if err != nil {
		return "", err
	}
	h := sha256.Sum256(b)
	return hex.EncodeToString(h[:]), nil
}